Technical Articles
A series on industrial water treatment. More articles are added to this English selection as they're translated — the full library is currently available in Portuguese.
Price Is Verifiable, ROI Is a Promise
Why industrial buyers pick the cheaper proposal even with a proven ROI on the pricier option — and what actually changes that decision.
Read article →Comparing the Phosphate Programs
Coordinated, Congruent, Equilibrium, and Continuum phosphate programs side by side: what actually changes between the four, and how to pick the right one.
Read article →Phosphate Continuum
Phosphate Continuum emerged because few plants carried out the experimental characterization Equilibrium Phosphate required. Understand the PC(L) and PC(H) ranges.
Read article →Equilibrium Phosphate
Equilibrium Phosphate (EPT), developed by EPRI, drops the fixed Na/PO₄ ratio and pursues each boiler's own solubility curve to reduce Hideout.
Read article →Congruent Phosphate
How the Congruent Phosphate program addressed Coordinated Phosphate's limitations, and why the Hideout phenomenon still demands attention.
Read article →Coordinated Phosphate
The origin of the Coordinated Phosphate program, how it was controlled by pH and phosphate content, and why sodium analysis wasn't used.
Read article →The Cost of Blowdown
A numerical example of how a drop in feedwater quality lowers the concentration cycle, increases blowdown, and raises fuel consumption.
Read article →What Internal Treatment Is For — Part I
What Internal Treatment is for in high-pressure boilers and how phosphate programs evolved from 1942 to Equilibrium Phosphate.
Read article →FAC — Flow Accelerated Corrosion (Part III)
How to build FAC defenses and a formal risk map, including the remaining life (RL) calculation for each critical point.
Read article →FAC — Flow Accelerated Corrosion (Part II)
The critical points for FAC in steam systems and the structure of a monitoring program covering chemistry, thickness inspection and trend analysis.
Read article →FAC — Flow Accelerated Corrosion (Part I)
What FAC (Flow Accelerated Corrosion) is, the factors that favor it, and why it goes unnoticed until the pipe fails.
Read article →Oxygen Scavengers — Part II
Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, carbohydrazide, DEHA and sodium erythorbate: characteristics, restrictions and selection criteria.
Read article →Oxygen Scavengers — Part I
Why well-dosed scavengers still fail — and what happens when the deaerator doesn't do its part.
Read article →Deaeration — Part II
Types of deaerators, selection criteria, failure diagnostics and the economic impact of malfunction.
Read article →Deaeration — Part I
The gases that destroy boilers: O₂ and CO₂ corrosion mechanisms, mechanical and chemical deaeration, and the cost of inaction.
Read article →Demineralization — Part II
Mixed bed: operation, regeneration, and the mistakes that shorten resin life.
Read article →Demineralization — Part I
Degradation mechanisms of ion exchange resins and their operational impacts.
Read article →Reverse Osmosis — Chemical Conditioning (Part II)
Treatment program, data normalization, and CIP cleaning protocol for industrial reverse osmosis.
Read article →Reverse Osmosis — Chemical Conditioning (Part I)
SDI, fouling, and the cost of neglecting feedwater in reverse osmosis systems.
Read article →Water Treatment Plant: The First Line of Defense
Operational mistakes at the water treatment plant and their economic impact on industrial systems.
Read article →Water Sources
The source of your water shapes your treatment program. Do you review yours?
Read article →Why No Fluid Has Replaced Water in Industrial Processes Yet
The role of specific heat and heat of vaporization in the efficiency of industrial systems.
Read article →